¤Amharic-Amharic (IPA Phonetics)

CLDR Version 28

Index

Lists data fields that differ from the last version. Inherited differences in locales are suppressed, except where the source locales are different. The collations and metadata still have a raw format. The rbnf, segmentations, and annotations are not yet included.

Path Old New

…/transforms/transform[@source="am"][@target="am_FONIPA"][@direction="forward"]/_draft ▷missing◁ contributed

…/transforms/transform[@source="am"][@target="am_FONIPA"][@direction="forward"]/_visibility ▷missing◁ external

…/transforms/transform[@source="am"][@target="am_FONIPA"][@direction="forward"]/tRule ▷missing◁ # Transforms Amharic (am) to Amharic in phonemic IPA transcription (am_FONIPA).
#
# Labialization:
# Amharic speakers will usually say ሟ as [mʷa] instead of [mwa];
# labializing [m] instead of saying [m] followed by a separate [w].
# Most Amharic consonants can get labialized. To keep the phonemic
# transcription simple, we emit /m/ + /w/; otherwise, our phoneme
# set would almost double, and it would include very unusual phonemes
# such as /ɲʷ/ or /t͡ʃʼʷ/.
#
# References:
# [1] The Ge’ez Frontier Foundation: “Principles and Specification
# for Mnemonic Ethiopic Keyboards.” Version of January 17, 2009;
# retrieved on November 4, 2014.
# http://keyboards.ethiopic.org/specification/GFF-MnemonicEthiopicKeyboardSpecification.pdf
# Other than most online sources, this report uses correct IPA notation
# with the exception of /j/, which it consistently (but wrongly)
# writes as */y/.

# TODO(sascha): Implement these, instead of stripping them away.
\u135D → ''; # U+135D ETHIOPIC COMBINING GEMINATION AND VOWEL LENGTH MARK
\u135E → ''; # U+135E ETHIOPIC COMBINING VOWEL LENGTH MARK
\u135F → ''; # U+135F ETHIOPIC COMBINING GEMINATION MARK

# Appendix B of [1] transcribes ሀ as /hə/. However, according to
# an Amharic-speaking person, there is no /hə/ sequence
# in Amharic; instead, it gets pronounced as /ha/.
ሀ → ha;
ሁ → hu;
ሂ → hi;
ሃ → ha;
ሄ → he;
ህ → hɨ;
ሆ → ho;
ሇ → ho; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /hɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.

ለ → lə;
ሉ → lu;
ሊ → li;
ላ → la;
ሌ → le;
ል → lɨ;
ሎ → lo;
ⶀ → lo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /lɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
ሏ → lwa;

# Appendix B of [1] transcribes ሐ as Voiceless pharyngeal fricative
# /ħə/. However, according to an Amharic-speaking person, Amharic
# makes no difference in pronunciation between ሐ...ሓ and ሀ...ሃ; both
# are pronounced as Voiceless glottal fricative /h/. Also, according
# to the speaker there is no /hə/ sequence in Amharic; instead, it
# gets pronounced as /ha/.
ሐ → ha;
ሑ → hu;
ሒ → hi;
ሓ → ha;
ሔ → he;
ሕ → hɨ;
ሖ → ho;
ሗ → hwa;

መ → mə;
ሙ → mu;
ሚ → mi;
ማ → ma;
ሜ → me;
ም → mɨ;
ሞ → mo;
ⶁ → mo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /mɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
ᎀ → mwə; # Sebatbeit /mwə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
ᎃ → mwu; # Sebatbeit /mwu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
ᎁ → mwi; # Sebatbeit /mwi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
ሟ → mwa;
ᎂ → mwe; # Sebatbeit /mwe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
ፙ → mja; # Unclear which language; Appendix L of [1] transcribes ፙ as /mʲa/.

ሠ → sə;
ሡ → su;
ሢ → si;
ሣ → sa;
ሤ → se;
ሥ → sɨ;
ሦ → so;
ሧ → swa;

ረ → rə;
ሩ → ru;
ሪ → ri;
ራ → ra;
ሬ → re;
ር → rɨ;
ሮ → ro;
ⶂ → ro; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /rɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
ሯ → rwa;
ፘ → rja; # Unclear which language; Appendix L of [1] transcribes ፘ as /rʲa/.

# Amharic speakers pronounce ሰ like ሠ. Source: [1], Appendix B.
ሰ → sə;
ሱ → su;
ሲ → si;
ሳ → sa;
ሴ → se;
ስ → sɨ;
ሶ → so;
ⶃ → so; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /sɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
ሷ → swa;

ሸ → ʃə;
ሹ → ʃu;
ሺ → ʃi;
ሻ → ʃa;
ሼ → ʃe;
ሽ → ʃɨ;
ሾ → ʃo;
ⶄ → ʃo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ʃɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
ሿ → ʃwa;

# Amharic speakers pronounce ⶠ like ሸ. Source: [1], Appendix B.
ⶠ → ʃə;
ⶡ → ʃu;
ⶢ → ʃi;
ⶣ → ʃa;
ⶤ → ʃe;
ⶥ → ʃɨ;
ⶦ → ʃo;

ቀ → kʼə;
ቁ → kʼu;
ቂ → kʼi;
ቃ → kʼa;
ቄ → kʼe;
ቅ → kʼɨ;
ቆ → kʼo;
ቇ → kʼo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /kʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
ቈ → kʼwə;
ቍ → kʼwu;
ቊ → kʼwi;
ቋ → kʼwa;
ቌ → kʼwe;

# In Awngi, Blin, Qimant, and Xamtanga, ቐ is spoken as voiced uvular fricative [ʁ].
# Source: [1], Appendix C. However, */ʁ/ is not an Amharic phoneme.
# When reading foreign words with ቐ, Amharic speakers pronounce
# ቐ like ቀ, i.e. as velar ejective /kʼ/.
ቐ → kʼə;
ቑ → kʼu;
ቒ → kʼi;
ቓ → kʼa;
ቔ → kʼe;
ቕ → kʼɨ;
ቖ → kʼo;
ቘ → kʼwə;
ቝ → kʼwu;
ቚ → kʼwi;
ቛ → kʼwa;
ቜ → kʼwe;

# In Sebatbeit, ⷀ is spoken as palatalized velar ejective /kʼʲ/ ([1], Appendix H).
# In Amharic, the syllable is not used, but it might appear in names.
ⷀ → kʼjə;
ⷁ → kʼju;
ⷂ → kʼji;
ⷃ → kʼja;
ⷄ → kʼje;
ⷅ → kʼjɨ;
ⷆ → kʼjo;

በ → bə;
ቡ → bu;
ቢ → bi;
ባ → ba;
ቤ → be;
ብ → bɨ;
ቦ → bo;
ⶅ → bo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /bɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
ᎄ → bwə; # Sebatbeit /bʷə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
ᎇ → bwu; # Sebatbeit /bʷu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
ᎅ → bwi; # Sebatbeit /bʷi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
ቧ → bwa; # Sebatbeit /bʷa/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
ᎆ → bwe; # Sebatbeit /bʷe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.

ቨ → və;
ቩ → vu;
ቪ → vi;
ቫ → va;
ቬ → ve;
ቭ → vɨ;
ቮ → vo;
ቯ → vwa;

ተ → tə;
ቱ → tu;
ቲ → ti;
ታ → ta;
ቴ → te;
ት → tɨ;
ቶ → to;
ⶆ → to; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /tɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
ቷ → twa;

ቸ → t͡ʃə;
ቹ → t͡ʃu;
ቺ → t͡ʃi;
ቻ → t͡ʃa;
ቼ → t͡ʃe;
ች → t͡ʃɨ;
ቾ → t͡ʃo;
ቿ → t͡ʃwa;

# Unclear which Ethiopic language uses ⶨ. It only appears in the
# “Language Neutral” list of Appendix L in [1], which transcribes it as t͡ʃ.
# For Amharic, we pronounce ⶨ therefore like ቸ.
ⶨ → t͡ʃə;
ⶩ → t͡ʃu;
ⶪ → t͡ʃi;
ⶫ → t͡ʃa;
ⶬ → t͡ʃe;
ⶭ → t͡ʃɨ;
ⶮ → t͡ʃo;

# In Amharic, ኀ is pronounced like ሀ.
# Source: [1], section on “Phonological Redundancy” for Amharic, page
# 5. Appendix B of [1] transcribes ሀ as /hə/. However, according to
# an Amharic-speaking person, there is no /hə/ sequence in Amharic.
# Instead, ሀ (and hence also ኀ) gets pronounced as /ha/.

ኀ → ha;
ኁ → hu;
ኂ → hi;
ኃ → ha;
ኄ → he;
ኅ → hɨ;
ኆ → ho;
ኇ → ho; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ŋɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
ኈ → hwə;
ኍ → hwu;
ኊ → hwi;
ኋ → hwa;
ኌ → hwe;

ነ → nə;
ኑ → nu;
ኒ → ni;
ና → na;
ኔ → ne;
ን → nɨ;
ኖ → no;
ⶈ → no; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /nɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
ኗ → nwa;

ኘ → ɲə;
ኙ → ɲu;
ኚ → ɲi;
ኛ → ɲa;
ኜ → ɲe;
ኝ → ɲɨ;
ኞ → ɲo;
ⶉ → ɲo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ɲɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
ኟ → ɲwa;

አ → ʔə;
ኡ → ʔu;
ኢ → ʔi;
ኣ → ʔa;
ኤ → ʔe;
እ → ʔɨ;
ኦ → ʔo;
ⶊ → ʔo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ɲɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.

ከ → kə;
ኩ → ku;
ኪ → ki;
ካ → ka;
ኬ → ke;
ክ → kɨ;
ኮ → ko;
ኰ → kwə;
ኵ → kwu;
ኲ → kwi;
ኳ → kwa;
ኴ → kwe;

# In Sebatbeit, ⷈ is spoken as palatalized velar plosive /kʲ/ ([1], Appendix H).
# Amharic speakers pronounce it as /k/ without palatalization.
ⷈ → kə;
ⷉ → ku;
ⷊ → ki;
ⷋ → ka;
ⷌ → ke;
ⷍ → kɨ;
ⷎ → ko;

# In Sebatbeit, ⷐ is spoken as palatalized voiceless velar fricative/xʲə/
# according to [1], Appendix H. When the syllable appears in names,
# Amharic speakers pronounce it as /kə/ without palatalization.
ⷐ → kə;
ⷑ → ku;
ⷒ → ki;
ⷓ → ka;
ⷔ → ke;
ⷕ → kɨ;
ⷖ → ko;

ወ → wə;
ዉ → wu;
ዊ → wi;
ዋ → wa;
ዌ → we;
ው → wɨ;
ዎ → wo;
ዏ → wo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /wɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.

ዐ → ʕə;
ዑ → ʕu;
ዒ → ʕi;
ዓ → ʕa;
ዔ → ʕe;
ዕ → ʕɨ;
ዖ → ʕo;

ዘ → zə;
ዙ → zu;
ዚ → zi;
ዛ → za;
ዜ → ze;
ዝ → zɨ;
ዞ → zo;
ⶋ → zo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /zɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
ዟ → zwa;

ዠ → ʒə;
ዡ → ʒu;
ዢ → ʒi;
ዣ → ʒa;
ዤ → ʒe;
ዥ → ʒɨ;
ዦ → ʒo;
ዧ → ʒwa;

# Unclear which Ethiopic language uses ⶰ. It only appears in the
# “Language Neutral” list of Appendix L in [1], which transcribes it as ʒ.
# For Amharic, we pronounce ⶰ therefore like ዠ.
ⶰ → ʒə;
ⶱ → ʒu;
ⶲ → ʒi;
ⶳ → ʒa;
ⶴ → ʒe;
ⶵ → ʒɨ;
ⶶ → ʒo;

የ → jə;
ዩ → ju;
ዪ → ji;
ያ → ja;
ዬ → je;
ይ → jɨ;
ዮ → jo;
ዯ → jo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /zɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.

ደ → də;
ዱ → du;
ዲ → di;
ዳ → da;
ዴ → de;
ድ → dɨ;
ዶ → do;
ⶌ → do; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /zɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
ዷ → dwa;

ጀ → d͡ʒə;
ጁ → d͡ʒu;
ጂ → d͡ʒi;
ጃ → d͡ʒa;
ጄ → d͡ʒe;
ጅ → d͡ʒɨ;
ጆ → d͡ʒo;
ጇ → d͡ʒwa;

ገ → ɡə;
ጉ → ɡu;
ጊ → ɡi;
ጋ → ɡa;
ጌ → ɡe;
ግ → ɡɨ;
ጎ → ɡo;
ጐ → ɡwə;
ጕ → ɡwu;
ጒ → ɡwi;
ጓ → ɡwa;
ጔ → ɡwe;

# In Awngi, Blin, Qimant, and Xamtanga, ጘ is spoken as voiced velar nasal /ŋ/.
# Source: [1], Appendix C. While /ŋ/ is not an Amharic phoneme, Amharic speakers
# still can pronounce it according to our source.
ጘ → ŋə;
ጙ → ŋu;
ጚ → ŋi;
ጛ → ŋa;
ጜ → ŋe;
ጝ → ŋɨ;
ጞ → ŋo;
ⶓ → ŋwə;
ⶖ → ŋwu;
ⶔ → ŋwi;
ጟ → ŋwa;
ⶕ → ŋwe;

# In Sebatbeit, ⷘ is spoken as palatalized voiced velar stop /ɡj/ ([1], Appendix H).
# Amharic speakers pronounce it as voiced velar stop /ɡ/ without palatalization.
ⷘ → ɡə;
ⷙ → ɡu;
ⷚ → ɡi;
ⷛ → ɡa;
ⷜ → ɡe;
ⷝ → ɡɨ;
ⷞ → ɡo;

ጠ → tʼə;
ጡ → tʼu;
ጢ → tʼi;
ጣ → tʼa;
ጤ → tʼe;
ጥ → tʼɨ;
ጦ → tʼo;
ጧ → tʼwa;

ጨ → t͡ʃʼə;
ጩ → t͡ʃʼu;
ጪ → t͡ʃʼi;
ጫ → t͡ʃʼa;
ጬ → t͡ʃʼe;
ጭ → t͡ʃʼɨ;
ጮ → t͡ʃʼo;
ⶐ → t͡ʃʼo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /t͡ʃʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
ጯ → t͡ʃʼwa;

# According to Appendix B of [1], the following are used in the Bench language
# (aka Benchnon, Gimira). In Bench, ⶻ is pronounced as /ʈ͡ʂʼ/ Retroflex
# ejective affricate; with a phonemic distrinction to the non-retroflex version.
# Amharic does not have retroflex phonemes, so we go with /t͡ʃʼ/.
ⶸ → t͡ʃʼə;
ⶹ → t͡ʃʼu;
ⶺ → t͡ʃʼi;
ⶻ → t͡ʃʼa;
ⶼ → t͡ʃʼe;
ⶽ → t͡ʃʼɨ;
ⶾ → t͡ʃʼo;

ጰ → pʼə;
ጱ → pʼu;
ጲ → pʼi;
ጳ → pʼa;
ጴ → pʼe;
ጵ → pʼɨ;
ጶ → pʼo;
ⶑ → pʼo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /pʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
ጷ → pʼwa;

ጸ → sʼə;
ጹ → sʼu;
ጺ → sʼi;
ጻ → sʼa;
ጼ → sʼe;
ጽ → sʼɨ;
ጾ → sʼo;
ጿ → sʼwa;

# In Amharic, ፀ is pronounced like ጸ.
# Source: [1], section on “Phonological Redundancy” for Amharic, page 5.
ፀ → sʼə;
ፁ → sʼu;
ፂ → sʼi;
ፃ → sʼa;
ፄ → sʼe;
ፅ → sʼɨ;
ፆ → sʼo;
ፇ → sʼo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /sʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.

ፈ → fə;
ፉ → fu;
ፊ → fi;
ፋ → fa;
ፌ → fe;
ፍ → fɨ;
ፎ → fo;
ᎈ → fwə; # Sebatbeit /fwə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
ᎉ → fwu; # Sebatbeit /fwu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
ᎋ → fwi; # Sebatbeit /fwi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
ፏ → fwa;
ᎊ → fwe; # Sebatbeit /fwe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
ፚ → fja; # Unclear which language; Appendix L of [1] transcribes ፚ as /fja/.

ፐ → pə;
ፑ → pu;
ፒ → pi;
ፓ → pa;
ፔ → pe;
ፕ → pɨ;
ፖ → po;
ⶒ → po; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /pɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
ᎌ → pwə; # Sebatbeit /pwə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
ᎍ → pwu; # Sebatbeit /pwu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
ᎏ → pwi; # Sebatbeit /pwi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
ፗ → pwa;
ᎎ → pwe; # Sebatbeit /pwe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.

ኧ → ə;

# Applications will typically split words before calling our rules.
# To be resilient, we replace punctuation by whitespace in IPA.
፠ → ' '; # U+1360 ETHIOPIC SECTION MARK
፡ → ' '; # U+1361 ETHIOPIC WORDSPACE
። → ' '; # U+1362 ETHIOPIC FULL STOP
፣ → ' '; # U+1363 ETHIOPIC COMMA
፤ → ' '; # U+1364 ETHIOPIC SEMICOLON
፥ → ' '; # U+1365 ETHIOPIC COLON
፦ → ' '; # U+1366 ETHIOPIC PREFACE COLON
፧ → ' '; # U+1367 ETHIOPIC QUESTION MARK
፨ → ' '; # U+1368 ETHIOPIC PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR

# Likewise, Ethiopic numberals cannot be pronounced by these rules,
# so we replace them by whitespace in the output IPA notation.
# Applications will typically pre-process text before calling
# the am → am_FONIPA transform.
፩ → ' '; # U+1369 ETHIOPIC DIGIT ONE
፪ → ' '; # U+136A ETHIOPIC DIGIT TWO
፫ → ' '; # U+136B ETHIOPIC DIGIT THREE
፬ → ' '; # U+136C ETHIOPIC DIGIT FOUR
፭ → ' '; # U+136D ETHIOPIC DIGIT FIVE
፮ → ' '; # U+136E ETHIOPIC DIGIT SIX
፯ → ' '; # U+136F ETHIOPIC DIGIT SEVEN
፰ → ' '; # U+1370 ETHIOPIC DIGIT EIGHT
፱ → ' '; # U+1371 ETHIOPIC DIGIT NINE
፲ → ' '; # U+1372 ETHIOPIC NUMBER TEN
፳ → ' '; # U+1373 ETHIOPIC NUMBER TWENTY
፴ → ' '; # U+1374 ETHIOPIC NUMBER THIRTY
፵ → ' '; # U+1375 ETHIOPIC NUMBER FORTY
፶ → ' '; # U+1376 ETHIOPIC NUMBER FIFTY
፷ → ' '; # U+1377 ETHIOPIC NUMBER SIXTY
፸ → ' '; # U+1378 ETHIOPIC NUMBER SEVENTY
፹ → ' '; # U+1379 ETHIOPIC NUMBER EIGHTY
፺ → ' '; # U+137A ETHIOPIC NUMBER NINETY
፻ → ' '; # U+137B ETHIOPIC NUMBER HUNDRED
፼ → ' '; # U+137C ETHIOPIC NUMBER TEN THOUSAND

# Insert syllable markers in a separate pass.
::NULL;
{i} [[:L:]] → i \.;
{ɨ} [[:L:]] → ɨ \.;
{u} [[:L:]] → u \.;
{e} [[:L:]] → e \.;
{o} [[:L:]] → o \.;
{ə} [[:L:]] → ə \.;
{a} [[:L:]] → a \.;

Path	Old	New
…/transforms/transform[@source="am"][@target="am_FONIPA"][@direction="forward"]/_draft	▷missing◁	contributed
…/transforms/transform[@source="am"][@target="am_FONIPA"][@direction="forward"]/_visibility	▷missing◁	external
…/transforms/transform[@source="am"][@target="am_FONIPA"][@direction="forward"]/tRule	▷missing◁	# Transforms Amharic (am) to Amharic in phonemic IPA transcription (am_FONIPA). # # Labialization: # Amharic speakers will usually say ሟ as [mʷa] instead of [mwa]; # labializing [m] instead of saying [m] followed by a separate [w]. # Most Amharic consonants can get labialized. To keep the phonemic # transcription simple, we emit /m/ + /w/; otherwise, our phoneme # set would almost double, and it would include very unusual phonemes # such as /ɲʷ/ or /t͡ʃʼʷ/. # # References: # [1] The Ge’ez Frontier Foundation: “Principles and Specification # for Mnemonic Ethiopic Keyboards.” Version of January 17, 2009; # retrieved on November 4, 2014. # http://keyboards.ethiopic.org/specification/GFF-MnemonicEthiopicKeyboardSpecification.pdf # Other than most online sources, this report uses correct IPA notation # with the exception of /j/, which it consistently (but wrongly) # writes as /y/. # TODO(sascha): Implement these, instead of stripping them away. \u135D → ''; # U+135D ETHIOPIC COMBINING GEMINATION AND VOWEL LENGTH MARK \u135E → ''; # U+135E ETHIOPIC COMBINING VOWEL LENGTH MARK \u135F → ''; # U+135F ETHIOPIC COMBINING GEMINATION MARK # Appendix B of [1] transcribes ሀ as /hə/. However, according to # an Amharic-speaking person, there is no /hə/ sequence # in Amharic; instead, it gets pronounced as /ha/. ሀ → ha; ሁ → hu; ሂ → hi; ሃ → ha; ሄ → he; ህ → hɨ; ሆ → ho; ሇ → ho; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /hɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ለ → lə; ሉ → lu; ሊ → li; ላ → la; ሌ → le; ል → lɨ; ሎ → lo; ⶀ → lo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /lɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ሏ → lwa; # Appendix B of [1] transcribes ሐ as Voiceless pharyngeal fricative # /ħə/. However, according to an Amharic-speaking person, Amharic # makes no difference in pronunciation between ሐ...ሓ and ሀ...ሃ; both # are pronounced as Voiceless glottal fricative /h/. Also, according # to the speaker there is no /hə/ sequence in Amharic; instead, it # gets pronounced as /ha/. ሐ → ha; ሑ → hu; ሒ → hi; ሓ → ha; ሔ → he; ሕ → hɨ; ሖ → ho; ሗ → hwa; መ → mə; ሙ → mu; ሚ → mi; ማ → ma; ሜ → me; ም → mɨ; ሞ → mo; ⶁ → mo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /mɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ᎀ → mwə; # Sebatbeit /mwə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. ᎃ → mwu; # Sebatbeit /mwu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. ᎁ → mwi; # Sebatbeit /mwi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. ሟ → mwa; ᎂ → mwe; # Sebatbeit /mwe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. ፙ → mja; # Unclear which language; Appendix L of [1] transcribes ፙ as /mʲa/. ሠ → sə; ሡ → su; ሢ → si; ሣ → sa; ሤ → se; ሥ → sɨ; ሦ → so; ሧ → swa; ረ → rə; ሩ → ru; ሪ → ri; ራ → ra; ሬ → re; ር → rɨ; ሮ → ro; ⶂ → ro; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /rɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ሯ → rwa; ፘ → rja; # Unclear which language; Appendix L of [1] transcribes ፘ as /rʲa/. # Amharic speakers pronounce ሰ like ሠ. Source: [1], Appendix B. ሰ → sə; ሱ → su; ሲ → si; ሳ → sa; ሴ → se; ስ → sɨ; ሶ → so; ⶃ → so; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /sɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ሷ → swa; ሸ → ʃə; ሹ → ʃu; ሺ → ʃi; ሻ → ʃa; ሼ → ʃe; ሽ → ʃɨ; ሾ → ʃo; ⶄ → ʃo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ʃɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ሿ → ʃwa; # Amharic speakers pronounce ⶠ like ሸ. Source: [1], Appendix B. ⶠ → ʃə; ⶡ → ʃu; ⶢ → ʃi; ⶣ → ʃa; ⶤ → ʃe; ⶥ → ʃɨ; ⶦ → ʃo; ቀ → kʼə; ቁ → kʼu; ቂ → kʼi; ቃ → kʼa; ቄ → kʼe; ቅ → kʼɨ; ቆ → kʼo; ቇ → kʼo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /kʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ቈ → kʼwə; ቍ → kʼwu; ቊ → kʼwi; ቋ → kʼwa; ቌ → kʼwe; # In Awngi, Blin, Qimant, and Xamtanga, ቐ is spoken as voiced uvular fricative [ʁ]. # Source: [1], Appendix C. However, /ʁ/ is not an Amharic phoneme. # When reading foreign words with ቐ, Amharic speakers pronounce # ቐ like ቀ, i.e. as velar ejective /kʼ/. ቐ → kʼə; ቑ → kʼu; ቒ → kʼi; ቓ → kʼa; ቔ → kʼe; ቕ → kʼɨ; ቖ → kʼo; ቘ → kʼwə; ቝ → kʼwu; ቚ → kʼwi; ቛ → kʼwa; ቜ → kʼwe; # In Sebatbeit, ⷀ is spoken as palatalized velar ejective /kʼʲ/ ([1], Appendix H). # In Amharic, the syllable is not used, but it might appear in names. ⷀ → kʼjə; ⷁ → kʼju; ⷂ → kʼji; ⷃ → kʼja; ⷄ → kʼje; ⷅ → kʼjɨ; ⷆ → kʼjo; በ → bə; ቡ → bu; ቢ → bi; ባ → ba; ቤ → be; ብ → bɨ; ቦ → bo; ⶅ → bo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /bɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ᎄ → bwə; # Sebatbeit /bʷə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. ᎇ → bwu; # Sebatbeit /bʷu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. ᎅ → bwi; # Sebatbeit /bʷi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. ቧ → bwa; # Sebatbeit /bʷa/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. ᎆ → bwe; # Sebatbeit /bʷe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. ቨ → və; ቩ → vu; ቪ → vi; ቫ → va; ቬ → ve; ቭ → vɨ; ቮ → vo; ቯ → vwa; ተ → tə; ቱ → tu; ቲ → ti; ታ → ta; ቴ → te; ት → tɨ; ቶ → to; ⶆ → to; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /tɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ቷ → twa; ቸ → t͡ʃə; ቹ → t͡ʃu; ቺ → t͡ʃi; ቻ → t͡ʃa; ቼ → t͡ʃe; ች → t͡ʃɨ; ቾ → t͡ʃo; ቿ → t͡ʃwa; # Unclear which Ethiopic language uses ⶨ. It only appears in the # “Language Neutral” list of Appendix L in [1], which transcribes it as t͡ʃ. # For Amharic, we pronounce ⶨ therefore like ቸ. ⶨ → t͡ʃə; ⶩ → t͡ʃu; ⶪ → t͡ʃi; ⶫ → t͡ʃa; ⶬ → t͡ʃe; ⶭ → t͡ʃɨ; ⶮ → t͡ʃo; # In Amharic, ኀ is pronounced like ሀ. # Source: [1], section on “Phonological Redundancy” for Amharic, page # 5. Appendix B of [1] transcribes ሀ as /hə/. However, according to # an Amharic-speaking person, there is no /hə/ sequence in Amharic. # Instead, ሀ (and hence also ኀ) gets pronounced as /ha/. ኀ → ha; ኁ → hu; ኂ → hi; ኃ → ha; ኄ → he; ኅ → hɨ; ኆ → ho; ኇ → ho; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ŋɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ኈ → hwə; ኍ → hwu; ኊ → hwi; ኋ → hwa; ኌ → hwe; ነ → nə; ኑ → nu; ኒ → ni; ና → na; ኔ → ne; ን → nɨ; ኖ → no; ⶈ → no; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /nɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ኗ → nwa; ኘ → ɲə; ኙ → ɲu; ኚ → ɲi; ኛ → ɲa; ኜ → ɲe; ኝ → ɲɨ; ኞ → ɲo; ⶉ → ɲo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ɲɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ኟ → ɲwa; አ → ʔə; ኡ → ʔu; ኢ → ʔi; ኣ → ʔa; ኤ → ʔe; እ → ʔɨ; ኦ → ʔo; ⶊ → ʔo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ɲɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ከ → kə; ኩ → ku; ኪ → ki; ካ → ka; ኬ → ke; ክ → kɨ; ኮ → ko; ኰ → kwə; ኵ → kwu; ኲ → kwi; ኳ → kwa; ኴ → kwe; # In Sebatbeit, ⷈ is spoken as palatalized velar plosive /kʲ/ ([1], Appendix H). # Amharic speakers pronounce it as /k/ without palatalization. ⷈ → kə; ⷉ → ku; ⷊ → ki; ⷋ → ka; ⷌ → ke; ⷍ → kɨ; ⷎ → ko; # In Sebatbeit, ⷐ is spoken as palatalized voiceless velar fricative/xʲə/ # according to [1], Appendix H. When the syllable appears in names, # Amharic speakers pronounce it as /kə/ without palatalization. ⷐ → kə; ⷑ → ku; ⷒ → ki; ⷓ → ka; ⷔ → ke; ⷕ → kɨ; ⷖ → ko; ወ → wə; ዉ → wu; ዊ → wi; ዋ → wa; ዌ → we; ው → wɨ; ዎ → wo; ዏ → wo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /wɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ዐ → ʕə; ዑ → ʕu; ዒ → ʕi; ዓ → ʕa; ዔ → ʕe; ዕ → ʕɨ; ዖ → ʕo; ዘ → zə; ዙ → zu; ዚ → zi; ዛ → za; ዜ → ze; ዝ → zɨ; ዞ → zo; ⶋ → zo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /zɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ዟ → zwa; ዠ → ʒə; ዡ → ʒu; ዢ → ʒi; ዣ → ʒa; ዤ → ʒe; ዥ → ʒɨ; ዦ → ʒo; ዧ → ʒwa; # Unclear which Ethiopic language uses ⶰ. It only appears in the # “Language Neutral” list of Appendix L in [1], which transcribes it as ʒ. # For Amharic, we pronounce ⶰ therefore like ዠ. ⶰ → ʒə; ⶱ → ʒu; ⶲ → ʒi; ⶳ → ʒa; ⶴ → ʒe; ⶵ → ʒɨ; ⶶ → ʒo; የ → jə; ዩ → ju; ዪ → ji; ያ → ja; ዬ → je; ይ → jɨ; ዮ → jo; ዯ → jo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /zɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ደ → də; ዱ → du; ዲ → di; ዳ → da; ዴ → de; ድ → dɨ; ዶ → do; ⶌ → do; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /zɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ዷ → dwa; ጀ → d͡ʒə; ጁ → d͡ʒu; ጂ → d͡ʒi; ጃ → d͡ʒa; ጄ → d͡ʒe; ጅ → d͡ʒɨ; ጆ → d͡ʒo; ጇ → d͡ʒwa; ገ → ɡə; ጉ → ɡu; ጊ → ɡi; ጋ → ɡa; ጌ → ɡe; ግ → ɡɨ; ጎ → ɡo; ጐ → ɡwə; ጕ → ɡwu; ጒ → ɡwi; ጓ → ɡwa; ጔ → ɡwe; # In Awngi, Blin, Qimant, and Xamtanga, ጘ is spoken as voiced velar nasal /ŋ/. # Source: [1], Appendix C. While /ŋ/ is not an Amharic phoneme, Amharic speakers # still can pronounce it according to our source. ጘ → ŋə; ጙ → ŋu; ጚ → ŋi; ጛ → ŋa; ጜ → ŋe; ጝ → ŋɨ; ጞ → ŋo; ⶓ → ŋwə; ⶖ → ŋwu; ⶔ → ŋwi; ጟ → ŋwa; ⶕ → ŋwe; # In Sebatbeit, ⷘ is spoken as palatalized voiced velar stop /ɡj/ ([1], Appendix H). # Amharic speakers pronounce it as voiced velar stop /ɡ/ without palatalization. ⷘ → ɡə; ⷙ → ɡu; ⷚ → ɡi; ⷛ → ɡa; ⷜ → ɡe; ⷝ → ɡɨ; ⷞ → ɡo; ጠ → tʼə; ጡ → tʼu; ጢ → tʼi; ጣ → tʼa; ጤ → tʼe; ጥ → tʼɨ; ጦ → tʼo; ጧ → tʼwa; ጨ → t͡ʃʼə; ጩ → t͡ʃʼu; ጪ → t͡ʃʼi; ጫ → t͡ʃʼa; ጬ → t͡ʃʼe; ጭ → t͡ʃʼɨ; ጮ → t͡ʃʼo; ⶐ → t͡ʃʼo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /t͡ʃʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ጯ → t͡ʃʼwa; # According to Appendix B of [1], the following are used in the Bench language # (aka Benchnon, Gimira). In Bench, ⶻ is pronounced as /ʈ͡ʂʼ/ Retroflex # ejective affricate; with a phonemic distrinction to the non-retroflex version. # Amharic does not have retroflex phonemes, so we go with /t͡ʃʼ/. ⶸ → t͡ʃʼə; ⶹ → t͡ʃʼu; ⶺ → t͡ʃʼi; ⶻ → t͡ʃʼa; ⶼ → t͡ʃʼe; ⶽ → t͡ʃʼɨ; ⶾ → t͡ʃʼo; ጰ → pʼə; ጱ → pʼu; ጲ → pʼi; ጳ → pʼa; ጴ → pʼe; ጵ → pʼɨ; ጶ → pʼo; ⶑ → pʼo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /pʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ጷ → pʼwa; ጸ → sʼə; ጹ → sʼu; ጺ → sʼi; ጻ → sʼa; ጼ → sʼe; ጽ → sʼɨ; ጾ → sʼo; ጿ → sʼwa; # In Amharic, ፀ is pronounced like ጸ. # Source: [1], section on “Phonological Redundancy” for Amharic, page 5. ፀ → sʼə; ፁ → sʼu; ፂ → sʼi; ፃ → sʼa; ፄ → sʼe; ፅ → sʼɨ; ፆ → sʼo; ፇ → sʼo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /sʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ፈ → fə; ፉ → fu; ፊ → fi; ፋ → fa; ፌ → fe; ፍ → fɨ; ፎ → fo; ᎈ → fwə; # Sebatbeit /fwə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. ᎉ → fwu; # Sebatbeit /fwu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. ᎋ → fwi; # Sebatbeit /fwi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. ፏ → fwa; ᎊ → fwe; # Sebatbeit /fwe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. ፚ → fja; # Unclear which language; Appendix L of [1] transcribes ፚ as /fja/. ፐ → pə; ፑ → pu; ፒ → pi; ፓ → pa; ፔ → pe; ፕ → pɨ; ፖ → po; ⶒ → po; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /pɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. ᎌ → pwə; # Sebatbeit /pwə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. ᎍ → pwu; # Sebatbeit /pwu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. ᎏ → pwi; # Sebatbeit /pwi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. ፗ → pwa; ᎎ → pwe; # Sebatbeit /pwe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic. ኧ → ə; # Applications will typically split words before calling our rules. # To be resilient, we replace punctuation by whitespace in IPA. ፠ → ' '; # U+1360 ETHIOPIC SECTION MARK ፡ → ' '; # U+1361 ETHIOPIC WORDSPACE ። → ' '; # U+1362 ETHIOPIC FULL STOP ፣ → ' '; # U+1363 ETHIOPIC COMMA ፤ → ' '; # U+1364 ETHIOPIC SEMICOLON ፥ → ' '; # U+1365 ETHIOPIC COLON ፦ → ' '; # U+1366 ETHIOPIC PREFACE COLON ፧ → ' '; # U+1367 ETHIOPIC QUESTION MARK ፨ → ' '; # U+1368 ETHIOPIC PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR # Likewise, Ethiopic numberals cannot be pronounced by these rules, # so we replace them by whitespace in the output IPA notation. # Applications will typically pre-process text before calling # the am → am_FONIPA transform. ፩ → ' '; # U+1369 ETHIOPIC DIGIT ONE ፪ → ' '; # U+136A ETHIOPIC DIGIT TWO ፫ → ' '; # U+136B ETHIOPIC DIGIT THREE ፬ → ' '; # U+136C ETHIOPIC DIGIT FOUR ፭ → ' '; # U+136D ETHIOPIC DIGIT FIVE ፮ → ' '; # U+136E ETHIOPIC DIGIT SIX ፯ → ' '; # U+136F ETHIOPIC DIGIT SEVEN ፰ → ' '; # U+1370 ETHIOPIC DIGIT EIGHT ፱ → ' '; # U+1371 ETHIOPIC DIGIT NINE ፲ → ' '; # U+1372 ETHIOPIC NUMBER TEN ፳ → ' '; # U+1373 ETHIOPIC NUMBER TWENTY ፴ → ' '; # U+1374 ETHIOPIC NUMBER THIRTY ፵ → ' '; # U+1375 ETHIOPIC NUMBER FORTY ፶ → ' '; # U+1376 ETHIOPIC NUMBER FIFTY ፷ → ' '; # U+1377 ETHIOPIC NUMBER SIXTY ፸ → ' '; # U+1378 ETHIOPIC NUMBER SEVENTY ፹ → ' '; # U+1379 ETHIOPIC NUMBER EIGHTY ፺ → ' '; # U+137A ETHIOPIC NUMBER NINETY ፻ → ' '; # U+137B ETHIOPIC NUMBER HUNDRED ፼ → ' '; # U+137C ETHIOPIC NUMBER TEN THOUSAND # Insert syllable markers in a separate pass. ::NULL; {i} [[:L:]] → i \.; {ɨ} [[:L:]] → ɨ \.; {u} [[:L:]] → u \.; {e} [[:L:]] → e \.; {o} [[:L:]] → o \.; {ə} [[:L:]] → ə \.; {a} [[:L:]] → a \.;