[Unicode]  Technical Reports
 

Unicode Technical Standard #6

A Standard Compression Scheme for Unicode

Version 3.2
Authors Misha Wolf, Ken Whistler, Charles Wicksteed, Mark Davis (mark.davis@us.ibm.com), and Asmus Freytag (asmus@unicode.org)
Date 2000-08-31
This Version http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr6/tr6-3.2.html
Previous Version http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr6/tr6-3.1.html
Latest Version http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr6
Base Unicode Version Unicode 2.0.0

Summary

This report presents the specifications of a compression scheme for Unicode and sample implementation. The design phase is completed with the publication of this technical report, but we still welcome information regarding implementation experience or corrigenda.

Status

This document has been reviewed by Unicode members and other interested parties, and has been approved by the Unicode Technical Committee as a Unicode Technical Standard. It is a stable document and may be used as reference material or cited as a normative reference from another document.

A Unicode Technical Standard (UTS) is an independent specification. Conformance to the Unicode Standard does not imply conformance to any UTS. Each UTS specifies a base version of the Unicode Standard. Conformance to the UTS requires conformance to that version or higher.

A list of current Unicode Technical Reports is found on http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/. For more information about versions of the Unicode Standard, see http://www.unicode.org/unicode/standard/versions/.

Please mail corrigenda and other comments to the author(s).

Contents

1 Scope
2 Description 
2.1 Compression Scheme for Unicode
2.2 Encoders and Decoders
3 Definitions
4 Conformance
5 Compression
5.1 Single Byte Mode
5.2 Unicode Mode
5.2.1 Quoting in Unicode Mode
6 Windows
6.1 Dynamically Positioned Windows
6.1.1 Locking Shifts (Dynamically Positioned Windows Only)
6.1.2 Window Positioning
6.1.3 Extended Windows
6.2 Non-locking Shifts and Static Windows
6.2.1 Static Windows
6.2.2 Use of SQ0
7 Initial State
7.1 Initial Window Settings
8 Notes
8.1 Surrogate Pairs
8.2 Private Use Area
8.3 Tag Allocation
8.4 Signature Byte Sequence for SCSU
9 Examples 
9.1 German
9.2 Russian
9.3 Japanese
9.4 All Features
10 Possible Private Extensions
10.1 Avoiding Control Byte Values
10.2 Handling Runs of the Same Characters
Acknowledgements
Authors
Revisions

1 Scope

The Standard Compression Scheme for Unicode will: It does not attempt to avoid the use of control bytes (including NUL) in the compressed stream.

The compression scheme is mainly intended for use with short to medium length Unicode strings. The resulting compressed format is intended for storage or transmission in bandwidth limited environments. It can be used stand-alone or as input to traditional general purpose data compression schemes. It is not intended as processing format or as general purpose interchange format.

2 Description

2.1 Compression Scheme for Unicode

Compressing Unicode text for transmission or storage, as mentioned in section 5.2 of The Unicode Standard, Version 2.0, is often useful. The traditional general purpose data compression schemes (for example Huffman or LZW) are effective, but for best results they require considerable context. In the course of implementing Unicode, it became apparent that there is a need for a compression scheme that is efficient even for short strings. The compression scheme proposed here compresses Unicode text into a sequence of bytes by taking advantage of the characteristics of Unicode text. The resulting compressed sequence can be used on its own or as further input to a general purpose file or disk-block based compression scheme. The latter achieves even better compression than either method alone.

Strings in languages using small alphabets contain runs of characters that are coded close together in Unicode. These runs are typically interrupted only by punctuation characters, which are themselves coded in proximity to each other in Unicode (usually in the Basic Latin range).

The basic concept of the compression scheme is to set up a so-called dynamically positioned window, which is region of 128 consecutive characters in Unicode. This window can be positioned to contain the alphabetic characters in question. Each character that fits this window is represented as a byte between 0x80 and 0xFF in the compressed data stream. A byte from 0x20 to 0x7F (as well as CR, LF, and TAB) always means a character from the Basic Latin range (or a control character).

Runs of characters from a selected window which are intermixed only with characters from the range U+0020--U+007F can be compressed without requiring tag bytes beyond the initial setup of the window.

Tag bytes are bytes in the range 0x00 to 0x1F (except CR, LF, TAB) that are used as commands to select, define and position windows, or to escape to an uncompressed stream of Unicode text. Strings from languages using large alphabets use this uncompressed mode.

There are scripts for which the characters ordinarily show larger fluctuation in code values than can be contained in a dynamically positioned window. For these areas of the Unicode code space, windows cannot be set. Instead, an escape to uncompressed Unicode can be used.

2.2 Encoders and Decoders

There is more than one possible encoding for a given Unicode string, and it is possible to trade off speed of encoding against the compression achieved.

It is possible to write a simple encoder for this scheme which uses a subset of the allowed tags. For example it could use only SCU, SD0, UQU and UC0 and still achieve respectable compression with typical text.

3 Definitions

All terms not defined here shall be as defined in the Unicode Standard.
 
Single Byte Mode - a mode where each character is represented in compressed form as a single byte.
 
Unicode Mode - a mode where each character is represented by a two byte sequence, corresponding to the Unicode character value with the most significant byte first.
 
Window - a range of 128 consecutive Unicode character values.
 
Locking Shift - a permanent shift to a new active window.
 
Non-locking Shift - a non-locking shift selects a window only for the immediately following character, before returning to the active window.
 
Dynamically positioned Window - a window with a position that can be selected starting at a multiple of 128 or at one of several predefined locations. Dynamically positioned windows can be accessed by locking or non-locking shifts.
They are only used in single byte mode with bytes in the range 0x80 to 0xFF.
 
Static Window - a window with fixed position which can be accessed by non-locking shift only. They are used in single byte mode with bytes in the range 0x00 to 0x7F.
 
Tag byte - any of the predefined single byte values that select compression functions in this scheme.
 
Index byte - a byte that is used as an index into the offset table (e.g.to select a window offset).

4 Conformance

Decoders are required to accept and interpret the full range of tags and arguments defined here. The action of a conformant decoder on illegal or reserved input is undefined.

Conformant Encoders must not emit illegal or reserved combinations of bytes. Encoders are not required to utilize (or be able to utilize) all the features of this compression scheme. Encoders must be able to encode strings containing any valid sequence of Unicode characters. The action of a conformant encoder on malformed input is undefined.

Encoders and decoders must always start in the initial state defined below.

5 Compression

The Unicode Compression Scheme compresses text by defining a set of windows into the Unicode code space and interpreting byte values relative to the position of the window currently in force. Thus characters from languages that use a small alphabet can be encoded with one byte per character. By switching to Unicode mode, non-alphabetic scripts can be encoded with two bytes per character.

The compression scheme is capable of compressing strings containing any Unicode character. Some control character and private use character values overlap with the tag byte values. They can still be encoded, though at a cost of an additional byte per character.

There are two compression modes:

(In the following text all byte values are given in hex.)

5.1 Single Byte Mode

Compressed text in single byte mode consists of a tag byte followed by zero, one, or two argument bytes followed by one or more text bytes. Single byte mode is in effect from initialization until the end of input or until an SCU tag. An SCU tag indicates that all following bytes are interpreted in Unicode mode. An SQU tag indicates that the following two bytes are interpreted as a Unicode character, most significant byte first.

In single byte mode, bytes between 00 and 1F are used as tags. The tags used in single mode are shown in Table X-1, their corresponding byte values are given in Table X-6.

Table 6-1. Tags for use in Single-byte Mode

Name  Meaning  Arguments  Function 
SQU  Quote Unicode hbyte, lbyte  Quote Unicode character = (hbyte << 8) + lbyte.
Used for isolated characters that do not fit in any of the current windows.
SCU  Change to Unicode   Change to Unicode mode (locking shift).
Used for runs of characters not part of a small alphabet
SQn  Quote from Window n . byte  Non-locking shift to window n.
If the byte is in the range 00 to 7F, use static window n.
If the byte is in the range 80 to FF, use dynamically positioned window n.
SCn  Change to Window n   Change to window n (locking shift).
Use static window 0 for all following bytes that are in the range 20 to 7F, or CR, LF, HT.
Use dynamically positioned window n for all following bytes that are in the range 80 to FF.
SDn  Define Window n byte  Define window position n as OffsetTable[byte], and change to window n. 
SDX  Define Extended hbyte, lbyte Define window n in the expansion space and change to it.
n = top 3 bits of hbyte.
Window base = 10000 + (80 * remaining 13 bits of hbyte and lbyte).

5.2 Unicode Mode

In Unicode mode, each character is encoded by two bytes in the standard way with the most significant byte first. This mode has its own set of reserved byte values which are used as tags, as shown in Table X-2. Their corresponding byte values are given in Table X-6. Once selected by SCU, Unicode mode is in effect until the end of input, or until any tag that selects an active window.

5.2.1 Quoting in Unicode mode

Note that in Unicode mode all tags are single bytes. Therefore all bytes which are not tag bytes are the most significant bytes (MSB) of a Unicode character. Each reserved tag value collides with 256 Unicode characters. A quoting mechanism is defined for Unicode mode to enable a character to be encoded whose first byte would collide with a tag value. The two bytes following a UQU tag are taken as a Unicode character. The tags values used in Unicode mode are chosen so that they correspond to the most significant bytes of Unicode character values from the private use area, since private use characters are not in frequent use.

Table 6-2. Tags for use in Unicode mode

Name  Meaning  Arguments  Function 
UQU  Quote Unicode hbyte, lbyte  Quote a Unicode character.
Used to quote tag bytes. 
UCn  Change to Window n   Change to single mode, window n (locking shift).
Use static window 0 for all following bytes that are in the range 20 to 7F, or CR, LF, HT.
Use dynamically positioned window n for all following bytes that are in the range 80 to FF.
UDn  Define Window n byte  Define window position n as OffsetTable[byte], and change to window n. 
UDX Define Extended hbyte, lbyte Define window n in the expansion space and change to it.
n = top 3 bits of hbyte
Window base = 10000 + (80 * remaining 13 bits of hbyte and lbyte)

6 Windows

Windows are always 128 code positions in length. There are two kinds of windows, static (or fixed position) windows and dynamically positioned windows.

6.1 Dynamically Positioned Windows

There are 8 dynamically positioned windows that are used when compressing alphabetic text. Locking shift tags in the byte stream are used to select an active window, and other tags are used to redefine the position of any window. At initialization, the dynamically positioned windows are in their default positions given in table X-5.

6.1.1 Locking Shifts (Dynamically positioned windows only)

An SCn tag (or UCn tag in Unicode mode) is used for a locking shift to dynamically positioned window n. Following such a tag, bytes in the range 80 to FF represent characters in the active dynamically positioned window. Therefore any byte xx between 80 and FF encodes the Unicode character

Unicode character = DynamicOffset[n] + (xx - 80)

The values for the starting offsets of dynamically positioned windows can change. Their initial values are specified in Table X-5. Bytes in the range 20 to 7F always represent the corresponding character from the Basic Latin block (U+0020 to U+007F). In addition, LF, CR and HT represent U+000A, U+000D and U+0009 respectively.

6.1.2 Window Positioning

An SDn tag (or UDn tag) followed by an index byte repositions window n and makes it the active window. In order to keep the encoding compact, the positions of the dynamically positioned windows are not set directly but defined via a lookup table. Each window definition tag in the byte stream is followed by one byte that is used as an index into this table. The set of legal positions is defined by the Window Offset Table given in Table 6-3.

The first part of the Window Offset Table defines half blocks covering the alphabetic scripts, symbols and the private use area. The individual entries from F9 onwards cover the scripts that cross a half-block boundary, plus one useful segment of European characters. Some collections of miscellaneous symbols and punctuation would also cross half-block boundaries, but these characters are likely to occur rarely, or in isolation. Therefore no special offsets for them are included here.

6.1.2 Table X-3. Window Offset Table

Byte x  OffsetTable[x]  Comment 
00  reserved  reserved for internal use 
01..67 

x*80 

 half-blocks from U+0080 to U+3380 
68..A7  x*80+AC00  half-blocks from U+E000 to U+FF80 
A8..F8 reserved  reserved for future use 
F9  00C0  Latin1 letters + half of Extended-A 
FA  0250  IPA Extensions
FB  0370  Greek 
FC  0530  Armenian 
FD 3040  Hiragana 
FE 30A0 Katakana
FF  FF60 

Halfwidth Katakana 

6.1.3 Extended Windows

An SDX tag (or UDX tag in Unicode mode) followed by two argument bytes (hbyte and lbyte) defines window n in the expansion space and makes it the active window. The window index n is given by the top 3 bits of hbyte. The window offset is calculated from the remaining thirteen bits of hbyte and lbyte as follows:

offset = 10000 + (80 * ((hbyte & 1F) * 100 + lbyte))

where & is the bitwise AND operator and all values are in hexadecimal notation. After an extended Window is defined each subsequent byte in the range 80 to FF represents a surrogate pair.

The following diagram shows how the bits in the two bytes following the SDX (or UDX) and a subsequent data byte map onto the bits in the resulting surrogate pair. 

     hbyte         lbyte          data    nnnwwwww      zzzzzyyy      1xxxxxxx
     high-surrogate     low-surrogate    110110wwwwwzzzzz   110111yyyxxxxxxx

6.2 Non-locking Shifts and Static Windows

An SQn tag switches temporarily to a different window for just one character. The byte following the tag is interpreted relative to the window n, and then the window reverts to the previous value. This is called a non-locking shift. If the byte following the SQn is in the range 80 to FF, dynamically positioned window n is used.

6.2.1 Static Windows

There are 8 static windows, seven of which are used only in conjunction with non-locking shifts. If any data byte following an SQn tag is in the range 00 to 7F, static window n is used. Therefore byte xx between 00 and 7F encodes the Unicode character

Unicode character = StartingOffset[n] + xx

The positions of static windows are as given in Table 6-4 and cannot be changed. They cover character ranges which contain characters that tend to occur in isolation and therefore are suitable for access via non-locking shifts. Static window 0 is also used when bytes following an SCn or UCn are in the range 80 to FF.

Table 6-4. Static Window Positions

Window  Starting Offset  Major Area Covered 
0  0000  (for quoting of tags used in single-byte mode)
1  0080  Latin-1 Supplement 
2  0100  Latin Extended-A
3  0300  Combining Diacritical Marks
4  2000  General Punctuation 
5  2080 Currency Symbols
6  2100 Letterlike Symbols and Number Forms
7  3000 CJK Symbols & Punctuation 

6.2.2 Use of SQ0

SQ0 is used specifically to quote characters that would otherwise collide with tag bytes. It may not be used with bytes in the range 20 to 7F. These values are shall not be used by encoders. Decoders are not required to detect them as errors. Note that this restriction applies only to SQ0, which maps to ASCII. SQ1 to SQ7 may be followed by any byte value.

As in the general case of SCn, a following byte value in the range 80 to FF indicates use of dynamically positioned window 0.

7 Initial State

The initial state of encoder and decoder is as follows: Note: It is expected that encoder and decoder are reinitialized at the beginning of each string.

7.1 Initial Window Settings

Encoder and Decoder are initialized with certain default settings for the windows. These allow use of the windows without predefining them, saving a few bytes for common cases. Encoder and Decoder always start with dynamically-positioned window 0 active, so a string of characters that consists entirely of characters from the range U+0020--U+00FF plus CR, LF, TAB is effectively converted to ISO 8859-1.

Default positions are assigned based on the following criteria:

The choice of offsets is intended to enable handling most languages by requiring at most the definition of one extra window, at the cost of a single byte. The default settings of the dynamically positioned windows are shown in Table 6-5. The static window positions are fixed and are shown above in Table 6-4.

Table 6-5. Default Positions for Dynamically Positioned Windows

Window  Starting Offset  Major Area Covered 
0  0080  Latin-1 Supplement 
1  00C0  (combined partial Latin-1 Supplement/Latin Extended-A)
2 0400  Cyrillic
3 0600 Arabic
4  0900  Devanagari 
5 3040  Hiragana
6 30A0  Katakana 
7 FF00  Fullwidth ASCII 

8 Notes

8.1 Surrogate Pairs

A surrogate pair can be encoded in any of these ways: It is not possible to set a window to the surrogate range, such that one byte would represent one half of a surrogate pair.

8.2 Private Use Area

A character in the Private Use Area can be encoded in any of these ways:

8.3 Tag Allocation

The tag byte values used in single mode are shown in Table 6-6. In this table, "pass" means that the byte value (xx) represents the Unicode value U+00xx.

Table 6-6. Single Mode Tag Values

Name  Value  Comment 
pass 00  NUL
SQ0 - SQ7 01 - 08   
pass  09 HT
pass  0A  LF
SDX 0B   
reserved 0C  reserved for future use
pass 0D CR
SQU 0E  
SCU 0F  
SC0 - SC7 10 - 17  
SD0 - SD7 18 - 1F  
pass 20 - 7F  

The tag byte values used in Unicode mode are shown in Table 6-7. In this table MSB means that the byte value is used as the most significant byte of a two byte sequence representing a Unicode value. There are no restrictions on the values of the byte immediately following an MSB.

Table 6-7. Unicode Mode Tag Values

Name  Value  Comment 
MSB 00 - DF Start of a Unicode character
UC0 - UC7 E0 - E7  
UD0 - UD7 E8 - EF  
UQU F0   
UDX F1   
reserved F2  reserved for future use
MSB F3 - FF Start of a Unicode character

8.4 Signature Byte Sequence for SCSU (informative)

Where data streams are not tagged externally, it is useful to provide a signature at the beginning of the stream. For UTF-16, UTF-32 and UTF-8, this is done by the use of U+FEFF, a value chosen to not only allow identification of the text as Unicode, but also to distinguish little-endian from big-endian forms of UTF-16 and UTF-32 (aka UCS-4 in ISO 10646). For more information on the general use of signatures, see The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0, Section 13.6

Unlike the standard encoding forms, SCSU does not have a single representation for U+FEFF. Depending on the implementation of an SCSU encoder, and depending on the following text, a leading U+FEFF character could be encoded as one of these initial byte sequences (hexadecimal, not showing following text):

Bytes  Commands  Comment 

0E FE FF

SQU FE FF

Single-byte mode Quote Unicode. Recommended. 

0F FE FF

SCU FE FF

Single-byte mode Change to Unicode 

18 A5 FF

SD0 A5 FF

Single-byte mode Define dynamic window 0 to 0xFE80 

19 A5 FF

SD1 A5 FF

Single-byte mode Define dynamic window 1 to 0xFE80 

1A A5 FF

SD2 A5 FF

Single-byte mode Define dynamic window 2 to 0xFE80 

1B A5 FF

SD3 A5 FF

Single-byte mode Define dynamic window 3 to 0xFE80 

1C A5 FF

SD4 A5 FF

Single-byte mode Define dynamic window 4 to 0xFE80 

1D A5 FF

SD5 A5 FF

Single-byte mode Define dynamic window 5 to 0xFE80 

1E A5 FF

SD6 A5 FF

Single-byte mode Define dynamic window 6 to 0xFE80 

1F A5 FF

SD7 A5 FF

Single-byte mode Define dynamic window 7 to 0xFE80

It is recommended to use only the byte sequence <0E FE FF> for an initial U+FEFF character (0E is the "SQU" tag). This convention will assist receiving processes that use initial byte sequences to identify a data file or stream as being encoded in SCSU. Every SCSU encoder should write this particular initial byte sequence if a U+FEFF is encountered as the first character in the stream. Any further occurrences of this character may be encoded in the most compact way possible with SCSU. 

Note: The recommended sequence is the only one that does not affect the state of the encoder or decoder, and may be safely stripped by a receiver even before initiating a decoder.

A process reading text from a file or stream could interpret the initial bytes <0E FE FF> as a signature for SCSU and assume the file or stream to be encoded with SCSU. The process or SCSU decoder may or may not strip the initial U+FEFF character from the resulting text. Any other encoding of an initial U+FEFF character, and any encoding of a U+FEFF after the initial character are normally interpreted as a ZWNBSP

Note: If the input text starts with a U+FEFF that is to be interpreted as a ZWNBSP, then an encoder or sending process may prepend the text with another U+FEFF which may be safely recognized as an SCSU signature and stripped by a receiving process. Otherwise, the initial ZWNBSP could itself be misinterpreted as a signature and stripped by a receiving process. This is equivalent to sending and receiving text in UTF-16 or UTF-32.A signature should not be used where a protocol specification, database design, or out-of-band information or similar specifies the encoding.

9 Examples(informative)

9.1 German

German can be written using only Basic Latin and the Latin-1 supplement, so all characters above 0x0080 use the default position of dynamically positioned window 0.

Unicode values (9 characters):

00D6 006C 0020 0066 006C 0069 0065 00DF 0074

Compressed (9 bytes):

D6 6C 20 66 6C 69 65 DF 74

9.2 Russian

Russian can use the default position of window 2. The first byte of the compressed data is the tag SC2.

Unicode values (6 characters):

041C 043E 0441 043A 0432 0430

Compressed (7 bytes):

12 9C BE C1 BA B2 B0

9.3 Japanese

Japanese text profits almost always from the multiple predefined windows in SCSU. For more details on this sample click here.

Unicode values (116 characters)

3000 266a 30ea 30f3 30b4 53ef 611b
3044 3084 53ef 611b 3044 3084 30ea 30f3
30b4 3002 534a 4e16 7d00 3082 524d 306b
6d41 884c 3057 305f 300c 30ea 30f3 30b4
306e 6b4c 300d 304c 3074 3063 305f 308a
3059 308b 304b 3082 3057 308c 306a 3044
3002 7c73 30a2 30c3 30d7 30eb 30b3 30f3
30d4 30e5 30fc 30bf 793e 306e 30d1 30bd
30b3 30f3 300c 30de 30c3 30af ff08 30de
30c3 30ad 30f3 30c8 30c3 30b7 30e5 ff09
300d 3092 3001 3053 3088 306a 304f 611b
3059 308b 4eba 305f 3061 306e 3053 3068
3060 3002 300c 30a2 30c3 30d7 30eb 4fe1
8005 300d 306a 3093 3066 8a00 3044 65b9
307e 3067 3042 308b 3002

Compressed (178 bytes)

08 00 1b 4c ea 16 ca d3 94 0f 53 ef 61 1b e5 84
c4 0f 53 ef 61 1b e5 84 c4 16 ca d3 94 08 02 0f
53 4a 4e 16 7d 00 30 82 52 4d 30 6b 6d 41 88 4c
e5 97 9f 08 0c 16 ca d3 94 15 ae 0e 6b 4c 08 0d
8c b4 a3 9f ca 99 cb 8b c2 97 cc aa 84 08 02 0e
7c 73 e2 16 a3 b7 cb 93 d3 b4 c5 dc 9f 0e 79 3e
06 ae b1 9d 93 d3 08 0c be a3 8f 08 88 be a3 8d
d3 a8 a3 97 c5 17 89 08 0d 15 d2 08 01 93 c8 aa
8f 0e 61 1b 99 cb 0e 4e ba 9f a1 ae 93 a8 a0 08
02 08 0c e2 16 a3 b7 cb 0f 4f e1 80 05 ec 60 8d
ea 06 d3 e6 0f 8a 00 30 44 65 b9 e4 fe e7 c2 06
cb 82

9.4 All Features

The following sample compressed string contains all the features of the compression scheme, but limited to only representative instances of the eight SQn and the seventeen SCn/UCn, SDn/UDn, and SDX/UDX pairs. The text is repeated to demonstrate how the same substring can yield different compressed strings.

Unicode values (20 characters)

0041 00df 0401 015f 00df 01df f000 dbff dfff 000d 000a 0041 00df 0401 015f 00df 01df f000 dbff dfff

Compressed (35 bytes)

41 df 12 81 03 5f 10 df 1b 03 df 1c 88 80 0b bf ff ff 0d 0a 41 10 df 12 81 03 5f 10 df 13 df 14 80 15 ff

10 Possible Private Extensions (informative)

During the design and review phase of the compression scheme, extensions were repeatedly suggested to handle the two following situations. Since these extensions were not accepted as part of the compression scheme itself, it was felt useful to document them here. This will show how to solve certain problems by adding higher level protocols.

10.1 Avoiding Control Byte Values

With a simple re-mapping, the SCSU encoded data stream can be made free of all control byte values so that it can be passed where ASCII text is expected. This re-mapping is not as costly as more general schemes for converting binary data to text and leaves the text parts of compressed Latin-1 text fully readable.

After encoding, replace any control byte by DLE (0x10) followed by the same byte + 0x40. NUL becomes DLE followed by '@' (0x40). DLE is replaced by DLE followed by U+0050. Before decoding, perform the opposite transformation.

10.2 Handling Runs of the Same Character

Longer runs of the same character allow additional compression. Since this is not common in the general case it was omitted from the standard algorithm. For situation where sender and receiver can agree on the additional specification and where runs are common, the following is a suggested method.

Before encoding, replace any run of 4 or more Unicode characters by '@' (U+0040), followed by the character to repeat, followed by a 16-bit count (packed into one Unicode character). The sequence ------------------------ becomes '@' '-' '!'. The @ sign itself is replaced by @@U+0001. After decoding, perform the reverse operation.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank to Dr. Laura Wideburg for assistance in copy editing. Thanks to David Pope and Roman Czyborra for bug reports. Markus Scherer proposed the signature sequence for SCSU.

Authors

The original concept of a standard compression scheme for Unicode was implemented at Reuters and proposed by Misha Wolf and Charles Wicksteed. Extensions and refinements were proposed by Mark Davis, Ken Whistler and Martin Duerst. The final text for the Technical report and the sample implementations were created by Asmus Freytag.

Revisions

Note: none of the fixes imply a change to the specification.

Changes to the text

1. Russian uses SC2 instead of SC7 as claimed in the examples.

2. The 'All Features' example has been corrected.

3. A new Japanese example has been added.

4. Changed table 6-3 from
 
68..A7  x*80+AE00  half-blocks from U+E000 to U+FF80 

to
 
68..A7  x*80+AC00  half-blocks from U+E000 to U+FF80 

to match the correct value used in the sample code.

5. Corrected 1FFF to 1F in the offset calculation equation for defining extended windows.

6. Corrected a few minor typographical errors (6/5/99).

7. Corrected dynamic offset in for Window 1 in sample code to 0x00C0 to match table X-5 of specification (updated internal version number of SCSU.java to 005 and commented changed source line).

8. Changed methods in the expander from private to protected to support a minor update of the driver program. (Updated internal version number to 005 in Expand.java and added a comment).

9. Minor improvements to the driver program. (Updated internal version number to 005 in CompressMain.java)

10. Editorial reformatting. (11/12/99)

11. Added the section on use of signature and changed version to 3.1 (The sample programs have not been updated to implement this recommendation).

12. Fixed HTML validation error. [3/11/00]

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